renamed pdf

.idea/misc.xml

@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
   <component name="Black">
     <option name="sdkName" value="Python 3.14 (test)" />
   </component>
-  <component name="ProjectRootManager" version="2" project-jdk-name="Python 3.14 (test)" project-jdk-type="Python SDK" />
+  <component name="ProjectRootManager" version="2" project-jdk-name="Python 3.14" project-jdk-type="Python SDK" />
 </project>

.idea/test.iml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     <content url="file://$MODULE_DIR$">
       <excludeFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/.venv" />
     </content>
-    <orderEntry type="jdk" jdkName="Python 3.14 (test)" jdkType="Python SDK" />
+    <orderEntry type="jdk" jdkName="Python 3.14" jdkType="Python SDK" />
     <orderEntry type="sourceFolder" forTests="false" />
   </component>
 </module>

Project 1/Card.py

@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Unfair Solitaire 
+# This is the Card.py file, which defines the Card class used in the Solitaire game. The Card class represents a playing card with a suit and value, and includes methods to retrieve the suit and value, as well as a string representation of the card.
+# Date: 04/01/2026
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
 class Card:
     """
     Represents a playing card with a suit and value.
@@ -20,3 +27,17 @@ class Card:
         return f"{self._value} of {self._suit}"
     
     #Returns a string representation of the card in the format "Value of Suit".
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    card1 = Card("Hearts", "Ace")
+    card2 = Card("Spades", "10")
+
+    assert card1.get_suit() == "Hearts"
+    assert card1.get_value() == "Ace"
+    assert card2.get_suit() == "Spades"
+    assert card2.get_value() == "10"
+
+    assert repr(card1) == "Ace of Hearts"
+    assert repr(card2) == "10 of Spades"
+
+    print("All Card tests passed.")

Project 1/Deck.py

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Unfair Solitaire 
+# This is the Deck.py file, which defines the Deck class used in the Solitaire game. The Deck class represents a standard 52-card deck, and includes methods to shuffle the deck, deal cards, and check the number of remaining cards.
+# Date: 04/01/2026
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
+
 import random
 from Card import Card
 
@@ -19,12 +27,18 @@ class Deck:
                 self._cards.append(Card(suit, value)) #creates a standard 52-card deck
     
     def shuffle(self):
+        """
+        Shuffles the deck of cards using the Fisher-Yates algorithm. This algorithm iterates through the deck and swaps each card with a randomly selected card from the remaining unshuffled portion of the deck. After shuffling, it resets the next card index to 0.
+        """
         for i in range(len(self._cards)): #iterates through each card in the deck
             j = random.randrange(i, len(self._cards)) #selects a random index from i to the end of the deck
             self._cards[i], self._cards[j] = self._cards[j], self._cards[i] #Shuffles the deck
         self._next_card = 0    #Resets the next card index after shuffling.
     
     def deal(self):
+        """
+        Deals the next card from the deck. Returns None if there are no cards left to deal.
+        """
         if self._next_card >= len(self._cards): 
             return None #Returns None if there are no cards left to deal.
         card = self._cards[self._next_card]
@@ -34,6 +48,14 @@ class Deck:
     def number_of_cards(self) -> int:
         return len(self._cards) - self._next_card #Returns the number of remaining cards in the deck.
     
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns a string representation of the entire deck,
+        with one card per line.
+        """
+        return "\n".join(str(card) for card in self._cards)
+    
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     deck = Deck()
     deck.shuffle() #Calls the shuffle method to randomize the deck.

Project 1/Solitaire.py

@@ -1,19 +1,28 @@
-from Deck import Deck
-"""
-Defines the Solitaire game logic. Contains methods to play the game by dealing cards, removing cards based on game rules, and checking for a win condition.
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Unfair Solitaire
+# Defines the Solitaire game logic. Contains methods to play the game by dealing cards, removing cards based on game rules, and checking for a win condition.
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
+
+from Deck import Deck
 
-Important Note: The prints in this file only run when this file is ececuted directly. This file should not be executed directly normally.
-"""
 
 class Solitaire:
     def __init__(self):
         self.deck = Deck()
         self.face_up = [] #List to hold face-up cards.
 
+    '''
+    deals cards until there are four face-up cards or the deck is empty.
+    '''
     def deal_until_four(self):
         while len(self.face_up) < 4 and self.deck.number_of_cards() > 0:
             self.face_up.append(self.deck.deal()) #Deals cards until there are four face-up cards.
 
+    '''
+    removes the last four cards if they are all the same suit. Returns True if cards were removed, False otherwise.
+    '''
     def remove_four_same_suit(self) -> bool:
         if len(self.face_up) < 4:
             return False #Not enough cards to remove four of the same suit.
@@ -27,6 +36,9 @@ class Solitaire:
         
         return False
     
+    '''
+    removes the inner two cards if the first and last card of the last four cards are the same suit. Returns True if cards were removed, False otherwise.
+    '''
     def remove_inner_two(self) -> bool:
         if len(self.face_up) < 4:
             return False #Not enough cards to remove inner two cards.
@@ -38,6 +50,10 @@ class Solitaire:
 
         return False
 
+
+    '''
+    Attempts to remove cards based on game rules.
+    '''
     def remove_all_possible(self):
         removed = True
         while removed and len(self.face_up) >= 4:
@@ -45,6 +61,9 @@ class Solitaire:
             if not removed:
                 removed = self.remove_inner_two() # Attempts to remove cards based on game rules.
                 
+    '''
+    plays the game by shuffling the deck, dealing cards, removing cards based on game rules, and checking for a win condition.
+    '''
     def playGame(self) -> bool:
         self.deck.shuffle()
         self.face_up = []

Project 1/main.py

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
-"""
-This is the main file that should be called to run the simulation.
-"""
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Unfair Solitaire 
+# This is the main.py file, which contains the main function to run the simulation.
+# Date: 04/01/2026
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
 from Solitaire import Solitaire
 
 

Project 1/test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+for i in range (0, 10):
+    print(i)

Project 2/Card.py

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Project 2
+# This is the Card.py file, which defines the Card class used in the Solitaire game. The Card class represents a playing card with a suit and value, and includes methods to retrieve the suit and value, as well as a string representation of the card.
+# Date: 04/01/2026
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
+
 class Card:
     """
     Represents a playing card with a suit and value.
@@ -23,9 +31,15 @@ class Card:
 
     def __add__(self, other) -> int:
             #Adding 2 cards together
+
+        return "Cat"
         if isinstance(other, Card):
-            return self.value + other.value
+            return self._value + other._value
         elif isinstance(other, int):
             #allows adding a card to an int
-            return self.value + other
+            return self._value + other
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __radd__(self, other) -> int:
+        return self.__add__(other)
     #Added for project 2: Created an "__add__" meathod to allow adding Cards together.

Project 2/Deck.py

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Project 2
+# This is the Deck.py file, which defines the Deck class used in the Solitaire game. The Deck class represents a standard 52-card deck, and includes methods to shuffle the deck, deal cards, and check the number of remaining cards.
+# Date: 04/01/2026
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
+
 import random
 from Card import Card
 """
@@ -18,12 +26,18 @@ class Deck:
                 self._cards.append(Card(suit, value)) #creates a standard 52-card deck
     
     def shuffle(self):
+        """
+        Shuffles the deck of cards using the Fisher-Yates algorithm. This algorithm iterates through the deck and swaps each card with a randomly selected card from the remaining unshuffled portion of the deck. After shuffling, it resets the next card index to 0.
+        """
         for i in range(len(self._cards)): #iterates through each card in the deck
             j = random.randrange(i, len(self._cards)) #selects a random index from i to the end of the deck
             self._cards[i], self._cards[j] = self._cards[j], self._cards[i] #Shuffles the deck
         self._next_card = 0    #Resets the next card index after shuffling.
     
     def deal(self):
+        """
+        Deals the next card from the deck. Returns None if there are no cards left to deal.
+        """
         if self._next_card >= len(self._cards): 
             return None #Returns None if there are no cards left to deal.
         card = self._cards[self._next_card]
@@ -33,6 +47,13 @@ class Deck:
     def number_of_cards(self) -> int:
         return len(self._cards) - self._next_card #Returns the number of remaining cards in the deck.
     
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns a string representation of the entire deck,
+        with one card per line.
+        """
+        return "\n".join(str(card) for card in self._cards)
+    
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     deck = Deck()
     deck.shuffle() #Calls the shuffle method to randomize the deck.

Project 2/Solitaire.py

@@ -1,19 +1,28 @@
-from Deck import Deck
-"""
-Defines the Solitaire game logic. Contains methods to play the game by dealing cards, removing cards based on game rules, and checking for a win condition.
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Project 2
+# Defines the Solitaire game logic. Contains methods to play the game by dealing cards, removing cards based on game rules, and checking for a win condition.
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
+
+from Deck import Deck
 
-Important Note: The prints in this file only run when this file is ececuted directly. This file should not be executed directly normally.
-"""
 
 class Solitaire:
     def __init__(self):
         self.deck = Deck()
         self.face_up = [] #List to hold face-up cards.
 
+    '''
+    deals cards until there are four face-up cards or the deck is empty.
+    '''
     def deal_until_four(self):
         while len(self.face_up) < 4 and self.deck.number_of_cards() > 0:
             self.face_up.append(self.deck.deal()) #Deals cards until there are four face-up cards.
 
+    '''
+    removes the last four cards if they are all the same suit. Returns True if cards were removed, False otherwise.
+    '''
     def remove_four_same_suit(self) -> bool:
         if len(self.face_up) < 4:
             return False #Not enough cards to remove four of the same suit.
@@ -27,6 +36,9 @@ class Solitaire:
         
         return False
     
+    '''
+    removes the inner two cards if the first and last card of the last four cards are the same suit. Returns True if cards were removed, False otherwise.
+    '''
     def remove_inner_two(self) -> bool:
         if len(self.face_up) < 4:
             return False #Not enough cards to remove inner two cards.
@@ -38,6 +50,9 @@ class Solitaire:
 
         return False
 
+    '''
+    Attempts to remove cards based on game rules.
+    '''
     def remove_all_possible(self):
         removed = True
         while removed and len(self.face_up) >= 4:
@@ -45,6 +60,9 @@ class Solitaire:
             if not removed:
                 removed = self.remove_inner_two() # Attempts to remove cards based on game rules.
 
+    '''
+    plays the game by shuffling the deck, dealing cards, removing cards based on game rules, and checking for a win condition.
+    '''
     def playGame(self) -> bool:
         self.deck.shuffle()
         self.face_up = []

Project 2/main.py

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-"""
-This is the main file that should be called to run the simulation.
-"""
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Unfair Solitaire 
+# This is the main.py file, which contains the main function to run the simulation.
+# Date: 04/01/2026
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
+
 from Solitaire import Solitaire
 
 

Project 2/utilities.py

@@ -1,24 +1,37 @@
-"""
-Reo
-"""
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- Project 2
+# This is the utilities.py file, which contains utility functions for the Solitaire game.
+# Date: 04/01/2026
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: Fran 
+##########################################
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 from Card import Card
 
-def sum_cards_iter(cards: list[Card]) -> int:
+'''
+Added for project 2: Created a function to sum a list of Card objects using iteration.
+'''
+def sum_cards_iter(cards: list[Card]) -> int: #start total at 0
     total = 0 #start total at 0
     for card in cards:
-        total = total + card 
+        total = total + card #Adds the value of each card to the total using iteration.
     return total
-#Added for project 2: Created a function to sum a list of Card objects using iteration.
 
-def sum_cards_recursive(cards: list[Card]) -> int:
+'''
+Added for project 2: Created a function to sum a list of Card objects using recursion.
+'''
+def sum_cards_recursive(cards: list[Card]) -> int: #start total at 0
     if cards == []:
         #Base case
-        return 0
-    return cards[0] + sum_cards_recursive(cards[1:])
+        return 0 #If the list of cards is empty, return 0.
+    return cards[0] + sum_cards_recursive(cards[1:]) #Adds the value of the first card to the sum of the remaining cards using recursion.
     #Recursive case
-#Added for project 2: Created a function to sum a list of Card objects using recursion.
 
+
+'''
+Added for project 2: Example tests given
+'''
 def test_sum_cards():
     cards = [
         Card("diamond", 5),
@@ -26,6 +39,8 @@ def test_sum_cards():
         Card("spade", 12),
         Card("clubs", 1)
     ]
-    assert sum_cards_iter(cards) == 21
-    assert sum_cards_recursive(cards) == 21
-#Added for project 2: Example tests given
+    print(sum_cards_iter(cards))
+    # assert sum_cards_iter(cards) == 21
+    # assert sum_cards_recursive(cards) == 21
+
+test_sum_cards()

Project 3/project_3_search.py

@@ -9,15 +9,18 @@
 
 import random #to generate the 100 random values
 import time #for part 4, to calculae total time
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 #I decided to put all 4 functions into one class to keep it organized 
 class Search:
 
-    """
-    This function generates the list of random integers.
-    """
-    def generate_random_list(self, n):
-        array = [] #array starts as blank
+    def generate_random_list(self, n: int) -> list[int]:
+        """
+        This function generates a list of n random integers between 0 and 1000, and returns the list.
+        Args: n: the number of random integers to generate
+        Returns: a list of n random integers between 0 and 1000
+        """
+        array: list[int] = [] #array starts as blank
         for element in range(n): #will run n times
             array.append(random.randint(0, 1000)) #random integer between 0-1000
 
@@ -27,10 +30,12 @@ class Search:
 
         return array
     
-    """
-    This funciton preforms a search on the list for the target value, and prints the number of checks it took to find the target.
-    """
-    def linear_search_print(self, arr, target): 
+    def linear_search_print(self, arr: Sequence[int], target: int) -> int: 
+        """
+        This function performs a linear search for the target value in the given array. It prints the number of unsuccessful checks it took to find the target value, and returns the number of checks. If the target value is not found, it prints "Not found." and returns the total number of checks.
+        Args: arr: the array to search through, target: the value to search for
+        Returns: the number of checks it took to find the target value, or the total number of checks if the target value is not found
+        """
         checks = 0 #check count starts at 0
         for value in arr:
             if value == target:
@@ -41,10 +46,13 @@ class Search:
         print("Not found.") #Only gets printed if the code doesnt return earlier
         return checks
     
-    """
-    This function is the same as the previous one, but instead of printing the number of checks, it returns the number of checks. 
-    """
-    def linear_search_count(self, arr, target):
+
+    def linear_search_count(self, arr: Sequence[int], target: int) -> int:
+        """
+        This function performs a linear search for the target value in the given array. It returns the number of checks it took to find the target value, or the total number of checks if the target value is not found.
+        Args: arr: the array to search through, target: the value to search for
+        Returns: the number of checks it took to find the target value, or the total number of checks if the target value is not found
+        """
         checks = 0
         for value in arr:
             checks += 1
@@ -52,10 +60,22 @@ class Search:
                 return checks 
         return checks
     
-    """
-    This function uses recursive searching.
-    """
-    def binary_search_recursive(self, arr, target, low, high):
+
+    def binary_search_recursive(
+        self,
+        arr: Sequence[int],
+        target: int,
+        low: int = 0,
+        high: int | None = None,
+    ) -> int:
+        """
+        This function performs a binary search for the target value in the given sorted array. It returns the index of the target value if found, or -1 if not found.
+        Args: arr: the sorted array to search through, target: the value to search for
+        Returns: the index of the target value if found, or -1 if not found
+        """
+        if high is None:
+            high = len(arr) - 1
+
         if low > high:
             return -1 #base case: if low is greater than high, the target is not found
 
@@ -68,7 +88,12 @@ class Search:
         else:
             return self.binary_search_recursive(arr, target, low, mid - 1)
         
-def main():
+def main(n: int = 1000) -> None:
+    """
+    This function is the main function that runs the search tests. It generates random lists of integers, performs linear and binary searches, and prints the results.
+    Args: n: the number of random integers to generate for the tests (default is 1000)
+    Returns: None
+    """
     search = Search() #search object to call Search() class
 
     """
@@ -92,16 +117,13 @@ def main():
     Part 3: Uses the recursive search
     """
     arr = sorted(search.generate_random_list(100)) #generate the list of 100 random integers and sort it for binary search
-    index = search.binary_search_recursive(arr, 42, 0, len(arr) - 1) #search for the value 42 using binary search and get the index of 42
+    index = search.binary_search_recursive(arr, 42) #search for the value 42 using binary search and get the index of 42
     print("Index of 42 in sorted array:", index) #print the index of 42 in the sorted array
 
     """
     Part 4: Tests
 
-    At what number of queries does Sorting + Binary Search start to show an advantage over Linear Search?:
-    Sorting + binary search shows an advantage at around 500 queries
     """
-    n = 1000
     arr = search.generate_random_list(n) #generate the list of n random integers
 
     for multiplier in [0.5, 1, 2, 4]: #I used a "multiplier" to avoid rewriting the code for each query
@@ -112,17 +134,17 @@ def main():
             queries.append(random.choice(arr))
 
         # Linear timing
-        start = time.perf_counter()
+        start = time.perf_counter() #start time is recorded before any of the queries are searched for using linear search
         for q in queries:
-            search.linear_search_count(arr, q)
-        end = time.perf_counter()
+            search.linear_search_count(arr, q) #search for each query using linear search on the unsorted array
+        end = time.perf_counter() #end time is recorded after all queries have been searched for using linear search
         linear_time = end - start
 
         # Sorting + Binary timing
-        start = time.perf_counter()
-        sorted_arr = sorted(arr)
+        start = time.perf_counter() #start time is recorded before the array is sorted and any of the queries are searched for using binary search
+        sorted_arr = sorted(arr) #the array is sorted before the queries are searched for using binary search, but the time it takes to sort the array is included in the total time for this part
         for q in queries:
-            search.binary_search_recursive(sorted_arr, q, 0, len(sorted_arr) - 1)
+            search.binary_search_recursive(sorted_arr, q) #search for each query using binary search on the sorted array
         end = time.perf_counter()
         binary_time = end - start 
 

Project 5/TurtleDFS.py

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+######################################
+# DCS 229 -- TurtleDFS
+# Depth-First Search implementation for Turtle Maze
+# Date: 03/29/2026
+# Name: Benjamin Adovasio
+# Resources Used: I worked with Pat Cohen on the project.
+##########################################
+
+import os
+from Stack import Stack
+from TurtleMaze import TurtleMaze, Cell, Contents
+
+def get_neighbors(maze: TurtleMaze, cell: Cell) -> list[Cell]:
+    '''returns a list of non-obstacle neighbors in north, south, east, west order'''
+
+    neighbors = []
+    row = cell.y
+    col = cell.x
+
+    # north
+    if row - 1 >= 0:
+        north = maze[row - 1][col]
+        if not north.isBlocked():
+            neighbors.append(north)
+
+    # south
+    if row + 1 < len(maze.maze_grid):
+        south = maze[row + 1][col]
+        if not south.isBlocked():
+            neighbors.append(south)
+
+    # east
+    if col + 1 < len(maze[0]):
+        east = maze[row][col + 1]
+        if not east.isBlocked():
+            neighbors.append(east)
+
+    # west
+    if col - 1 >= 0:
+        west = maze[row][col - 1]
+        if not west.isBlocked():
+            neighbors.append(west)
+
+    return neighbors
+
+def dfs(maze: TurtleMaze) -> bool:
+    '''runs a non-recursive depth first search on the maze with backtracking
+    Returns:
+        True if the goal is found, False otherwise
+    '''
+
+    stack = Stack()
+    start = maze.getStart()
+    visited = set()
+
+    stack.push(start)
+    visited.add((start.y, start.x))
+    maze.updatePosition(start)
+
+    while not stack.is_empty():
+        current = stack.peek()
+
+        # if we reached the goal, we are done
+        if current.isGoal():
+            return True
+
+        found_next = False
+
+        # look for an unvisited neighbor
+        for neighbor in get_neighbors(maze, current):
+            if (neighbor.y, neighbor.x) not in visited:
+                neighbor.setParent(current)
+                visited.add((neighbor.y, neighbor.x))
+                stack.push(neighbor)
+
+                if not neighbor.isGoal():
+                    maze.updatePosition(neighbor, Contents.TRIED)
+                else:
+                    maze.updatePosition(neighbor)
+
+                found_next = True
+                break
+
+        # if no unvisited neighbor exists, backtrack
+        if not found_next:
+            dead_end = stack.pop()
+
+            if dead_end != start and not dead_end.isGoal():
+                maze.updatePosition(dead_end, Contents.DEAD_END)
+
+            if not stack.is_empty():
+                maze.updatePosition(stack.peek())
+
+    return False
+
+def main():
+    maze = TurtleMaze('maze_1.txt')
+    maze.drawMaze()
+
+    solved = dfs(maze)
+    print("Maze solved:", solved)
+
+    maze.t.screen.mainloop()
+    
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

Project 5/TurtleMaze.py

@@ -235,16 +235,27 @@ class TurtleMaze:
 
 def main():
 
-    maze = TurtleMaze('maze_3.txt')
+    maze = TurtleMaze('maze_2.txt')
     maze.drawMaze()
-    # print("row at index 4", maze[4])
-    # print("cell at index 4, 4", maze[4][4])
 
+    # print the contents of the top-right corner
+    top_right = maze[0][len(maze[0]) - 1]
+    print("Top-right corner:", top_right)
+
+    # print the start and goal cells
+    print("Start cell:", maze.getStart())
+    print("Goal cell:", maze.getGoal())
+
+    # start at S
     maze.updatePosition(maze.getStart())
-    print(maze.getStart())
+
+    # move only to neighboring cells so the turtle stays on the path
+    maze.updatePosition(maze[9][15], Contents.TRIED)         # down 1
+    maze.updatePosition(maze[9][16], Contents.PART_OF_PATH)  # right 1
+    maze.updatePosition(maze[9][17], Contents.PART_OF_PATH)  # right 1
+    maze.updatePosition(maze[8][17], Contents.DEAD_END)      # up 1
 
     maze.t.screen.mainloop()
 
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()